{
  "name": "Goodhart's law: who gave which wording, and how much was read",
  "desc": "Goodhart's law: who gave which wording, and how much was read. A source ledger with one row per claim about one source: the claim, the source and year, the kind of source, which wording it gives, whom it credits for the measure-and-target line, the year it gives for Goodhart's point, any page it cites, the DOI and place in the source, and read_level, which records how much of each source was read: full text, abstract only, or citation only. Rows read at citation level report only what a title or reference list says. No figures or quotations from the sources are included; the tag column gives a source status for the two originals and is otherwise empty. Two papers described on the web page are left out because of their non-commercial terms. Sources whose text is openly licensed: Braganza 2022, Hildebrandt 2022, Treem et al. 2023, Moncoucy et al. 2025, Campolo 2025 and Fire and Guestrin 2019 (CC BY 4.0). License for this site's selection, arrangement and notes: CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Checked 2026-11-06.",
  "lic": "CC BY 4.0",
  "lic_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "by": "Feedback & Forgetting",
  "url": "https://feedbackandforgetting.com/systems-loops/goodharts-law/",
  "from": [
    "Crossref work records for Campbell 1979, Goodhart 1984, Strathern 1997 and Chrystal & Mizen 2003 (bibliographic details only)",
    "Braganza (2022), Royal Society Open Science 9(2): 211030, doi:10.1098/rsos.211030, section 1.4 and references 20 and 21 (CC BY 4.0)",
    "Hildebrandt (2022), Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence 5: 789076, doi:10.3389/frai.2022.789076, section on the Goodhart effect (CC BY 4.0)",
    "Treem et al. (2023), Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 28(4): zmad023, doi:10.1093/jcmc/zmad023, first paragraph (CC BY 4.0)",
    "Moncoucy et al. (2025), Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 380: 20240303, doi:10.1098/rstb.2024.0303, main text and reference 70 (CC BY 4.0)",
    "Campolo (2025), Digital Society 4(2): 35, doi:10.1007/s44206-025-00190-x, note 3 and reference list (CC BY 4.0)",
    "Fire & Guestrin (2019), GigaScience 8(6): giz053, doi:10.1093/gigascience/giz053, Abstract and Background (CC BY 4.0)"
  ],
  "how": "Compiled by Feedback & Forgetting from the data listed",
  "data_by": [
    "Braganza, O. (2022). Proxyeconomics, a theory and model of proxy-based competition and cultural evolution. Royal Society Open Science 9(2): 211030, doi:10.1098/rsos.211030, CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)",
    "Hildebrandt, M. (2022). The issue of proxies and choice architectures. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence 5: 789076, doi:10.3389/frai.2022.789076, CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)",
    "Treem, J. W., et al. (2023). Signaling and meaning in organizational analytics. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 28(4): zmad023, doi:10.1093/jcmc/zmad023, CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)",
    "Moncoucy, L., et al. (2025). The value of consciousness: experiences worth having. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 380: 20240303, doi:10.1098/rstb.2024.0303, CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)",
    "Campolo, A. (2025). State-of-the-art: The temporal order of benchmarking culture. Digital Society 4(2): 35, doi:10.1007/s44206-025-00190-x, CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)",
    "Fire, M., & Guestrin, C. (2019). Over-optimization of academic publishing metrics. GigaScience 8(6): giz053, doi:10.1093/gigascience/giz053, CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)",
    "Titles and bibliographic details only, from Crossref and the reference lists above: Goodhart 1975, 1981 and 1984; Campbell 1979; Strathern 1997; Chrystal & Mizen 2003"
  ]
}