{
  "name": "Bilingual advantage: published vs unpublished studies and bias-corrected estimates",
  "desc": "Bilingual advantage reviews, one row per value or claim. Data from Ware, Kirkovski & Lum (2020), Frontiers in Psychology, doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01458, licensed CC BY 4.0; values from Table 5 and the Results re-keyed into one row per value and kept as printed, with published-minus-unpublished and observed-minus-PET-PEESE differences added. Quoted values: other figures in the quoted_value column are quoted from the abstracts of the publications in source_doi, at the place in source_location; the Lehtonen et al. (2018) g values are as reported by Ware et al. (2020). They are not covered by this site's CC BY 4.0 license; the publishers' terms apply. Derived values: figures in derived_value were computed by Feedback & Forgetting from the inputs named in formula. License for this site's selection, arrangement, notes and derived values: CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). read_level records how much of each source was read: full text, abstract only, or citation only; a row citing several sources gives the lowest level among them, and its source_location says which source was read at which level. Checked 2026-11-06.",
  "lic": "CC BY 4.0",
  "lic_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "by": "Feedback & Forgetting",
  "url": "https://feedbackandforgetting.com/language-minds/bilingual-advantage/",
  "from": [
    "Ware, Kirkovski & Lum (2020), Frontiers in Psychology, doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01458, Table 5 and Results (CC BY 4.0)",
    "Abstracts of Lehtonen et al. (2018), doi:10.1037/bul0000142; Donnelly, Brooks & Homer (2019), doi:10.3758/s13423-019-01567-z; Paap & Greenberg (2013), doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2012.12.002; de Bruin, Treccani & Della Sala (2015), doi:10.1177/0956797614557866"
  ],
  "how": "Compiled by Feedback & Forgetting from the data listed",
  "data_by": [
    "Ware, A. T., Kirkovski, M., & Lum, J. A. G. (2020). Meta-analysis reveals a bilingual advantage that is dependent on task and age. Frontiers in Psychology 11: 1458, doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01458, CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)",
    "Lehtonen, M., et al. (2018). Psychological Bulletin 144(4): 394–425, doi:10.1037/bul0000142, abstract (quoted figures only)",
    "Donnelly, S., Brooks, P. J., & Homer, B. D. (2019). Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 26(4): 1122–1147, doi:10.3758/s13423-019-01567-z, abstract (quoted figures only)",
    "Paap, K. R., & Greenberg, Z. I. (2013). Cognitive Psychology 66(2): 232–258, doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2012.12.002, abstract (quoted figures only)",
    "de Bruin, A., Treccani, B., & Della Sala, S. (2015). Psychological Science 26(1): 99–107, doi:10.1177/0956797614557866, abstract (no figures)"
  ]
}